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http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein-s-brain?cat=technology
Scientific studies
Harvey found nothing unusual with Einstein's brain, which is of average size.
Study finding part of Einstein's brain missing and another part 15% larger
However, in 1999, further analysis by a team at McMaster University in Ontario revealed that his parietal operculum region in the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain was vacant. Also absent was part of a bordering region called the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). Researchers at McMaster University speculated that the vacancy may have enabled neurons in this part of his brain to communicate better. "This unusual brain anatomy…(missing part of the Sylvian fissure)… may explain why Einstein thought the way he did," said Professor Sandra Witelson who led the research published in The Lancet. Einstein himself claimed that he thought through images rather than verbally. Professor Laurie Hall of Cambridge University commenting on the study, said, "To say there is a definite link is one bridge too far, at the moment. So far the case isn't proven. But magnetic resonance and other new technologies are allowing us to start to probe those very questions." [6]
Scientists are currently interested in the possibility that physical differences in brain structure could determine different abilities. [7] [8]One famous part of the operculum is Broca's area which plays an important role in speech production (see below for discussion relating to Einstein's difficulties with language). To compensate, the inferior parietal lobe was 15 percent wider than normal. [9] The inferior parietal region is responsible for mathematical thought, visuospatial cognition, and imagery of movement. Einstein's brain also contained 73 percent more glial cells than the average brain.
Study finding more glial cells in Einstein's brain
In the 1980s, University of California, Berkeley professor Marion C. Diamond persuaded Thomas Harvey to give her samples of Einstein's brain. She compared the ratio of glial cells in Einstein's brain with that in the preserved brains of 11 men. Her laboratory made thin sections of Einstein's brain, each 6 micrometers thick. They then used a microscope to count the cells. Einstein's brain had more glial cells relative to neurons in all areas studied, but only in the left inferior parietal area was the difference statistically significant. This area is part of the association cortex, regions of the brain responsible for incorporating and synthesizing information from multiple other brain regions. Diamond admits a limitation in her study is that she had only one Einstein to compare with 11 normal men. S. S. Kantha of the Osaka BioScience Institute in Japan criticized Diamond's study, as did Terence Hines of Pace University. [10]
Diamond and Joseph Altman (then of Purdue University) had already both discovered that rats with enriched environments developed more glial cells for each neuron. Rats in impoverished environments had fewer glial cells relative for each neuron. [11] A lifetime studying difficult mathematical and physical problems may have enriched Einstein's environment.
References
- ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913
- ^ http://www.bioquant.com/gallery/einstein.html
- ^ http://www.newhorizons.org/neuro/diamond_einstein.htm
- ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913
- ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/371698.stm
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/371698.stm
- ^ http://www.bioquant.com/gallery/einstein.html
- ^ http://staff.washington.edu/sarawyck/Readings/brains.htm
- ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913
- ^ http://www.newhorizons.org/neuro/diamond_einstein.htm
External links
- Relics: Einstein's Brain, a 1994 documentary by Kevin Hull
- "The Long, Strange Journey of Einstein's Brain", NPR special
- "Doctor kept Einstein's brain in jar 43 years"
- Why size mattered for Einstein
- Cortical Sulcal Maps in Autism
- Einstein and Newton 'had autism'
- Cortical Connectivity, Metarepresentation and the Social Brain.
- A Hands-On Approach to Studying the Brain, Even Einstein’s
| Brain Plasticity- The good news is that: The brain is can repair itself through specific appropriate input through the senses. If you feel like you have "faulty wiring", we can help your brain function more efficiently. Scientists apply the term neuro-plasticity or brain plasticity to the action of brain growth and adaptation in response to challenge. Advanced Brain Technologies views the brain as being malleable and plastic. As it receives specific appropriate input through the senses, with appropriate frequency, intensity and duration the brain physically changes its structure. This structural change takes place through the growth of pathways between the brain cells (neurons). Once the structure of the brain changes the function of the human being begins to change. Therefore, brain structure determines the level of human function. The neurosciences provide us with research that proves this correct. (Advanced Brain Technologies has designed The Listening Program, Brain Builder, and the Sound Health Series that we use and promote in our center.) Our products produce better grades with less effort for every subject the rest of their life
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| Science has repeatedly demonstrated that the brain can change and grow given the right learning tools and environment. Our programs are founded in educational cognitive psychology to provide the correct environment and challenge. Get Attention strives to provide the very best learning tools for the creation of a success based environment that will facilitate the maximization of personal potential. Our products from Unique Logic and Technology and Advanced Brain Technologies are only some of the products that use this research for training. Our cognitive training and light and sound manufactures have also built their products based on plasticity research. As recently as twenty years ago, scientists believed that the genes we were born with wholly determined the structure of our brains. However, current extensive research performed by scientists worldwide proves that how our brains develop, learn, and grow depends on the vital interaction between nature and nurture. Nature, or more accurately, genetic endowment, is directly affected by the environment, care, challenges, and teachings received (nurture). Neural Networks Learning takes place by construction of new neural networks/pathways. Neural networks are the “whispering” of neurons to each other. Neurons are brain cells that communicate with each other via an electrochemical process that carries neurotransmitters across the division between the neurons (the synapse). Our five senses process information (external stimuli) and then select certain neural connections to become active. In the recent past, scientists believed this network building or neural activation to be deterministic - the genes you are born with would determine the networks that could develop. However, it has been proved that activation is a random selection among many possible neural connections that could occur. It is not something that happens by deterministic design. Brain related research continuously strives to deepen our understanding of brain functions. We have learned that new information (sensory input) enters the brain through preexisting networks, which is why it is imperative to provide challenging stimulation in early childhood. If the input is not new, it can trigger memory. If it is new, it can trigger learning thus creating new pathways. Cognitive psychology refers to this process as constructivism: The learner builds his or her own knowledge on his current knowledge base, but only in response to a challenge and/or new stimulation. It is evident that some persons are not born with the neural networks that facilitate focused attention. Our cognitive training, light and sound and neurofeedback programs are designed to directly challenge users to build new neural networks necessary for optimum performance. Neural networks challenged/stimulated through our light and sound equipment, can enhance physical healing and homeostasis while increasing attentional flexibility. As early as the 1930’s, there was research showing that repetitive pulsing lights and percussive sounds will stimulate and synchronize the hemispheres of the brain. This creates a frequency following response known as entrainment. Through flickering lights and controlled rhythmic tones, we can entrain the brainwave frequencies into desired states of consciousness. With the relief of tension or resistance in the mind/body, the user becomes receptive to information and the ability to process and recall it. Once the balancing and stress reducing effects of the equipment become engrained, a user can then proceed to special applications to facilitate increased attention and concentration. Then learning rates and mental abilities frequently increase. Link to our home programs that help rebuild the brain |
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